European Arrival in Indian : In this, we are going to talk about the arrival of Europeans to India because it is a very important topic in history, which you get to read the history of modern India, from here many questions have been asked in UPSC and SSC exams and in the upcoming exams, there will be definite questions from here, so you must read this topic. If you are doing self -study sitting at home, then you are going to use these notes like a panacea because you will not get to see such notes for free anywhere.
European Arrival in Indian
The early disintegration of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the eighteenth century led to intense rivalry among the various Indian powers to fill the political void. For some time it appeared that the Marathas were more powerful than the Mughals in India, but the decline of their power also provided opportunities for European trading companies to become active in Indian politics.
– Early European companies began to interfere in the political affairs of the local rulers. In this phase also got involved in interpersonal conflicts for supremacy. Ultimately the British became active in the competition for sub-continental political power and emerged as the last victor.
– There were two routes to reach India from Europe:-
1.Land route:- Turkey used to reach from Persia, Iran to Afghan from Balkan regions, then reached India via Khyber, Kurram, Bolan, and Gomal etc.
2. Waterways:- India used to reach India via the Mediterranean Sea or the Black Sea via the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea. In the 15th century, the spread of Arabs on both these routes increased.
– In 1453 AD the Osmania Turks occupied Kustuntunia and gradually took control of the entire South-West and South-East European regions and trade.
– With this right, the land route was closed for trade, so the Europeans needed a new water route.
– The order of arrival of Europeans in India:-
Portuguese – Dutch – Englishman – Denis – French
– (1498 AD)- (1595 AD) (1600 AD) (1616 AD)- (1664 AD)
– The order of establishment of the factory in India-
1. Portugal – 1503 AD (Cochin)
2. Dutch – 1605 AD (Machilipatnam)
3. The British – 1611 AD (Machilipatnam)
4. Denmark – 1620 AD (Tanjore)
5. French – 1668 AD (Surat)
Arrival of Portuguese in India
– The Portuguese were the first European traders to come to India in the modern era. Pope Alexander granted the Portuguese monopoly of trade in the eastern seas by an edict. Vasco-da Gama, the first European traveller, landed on the coast of Calicut (India) in 1498 AD with the help of a Gujarati pioneer named Abdul Manik after a 90-day voyage.
– Vasco-da-Gama earned about 60 times more in return for the travel expenses incurred on coming to India and going to Portugal. Gradually the order of Portuguese coming to India continued.
– Two main objectives of the Portuguese-
– To end the influence of Arabs and venice traders from India.
– Promoting Christianity.
– In 1505 AD, Francisco da Almeida came to India as the first Portuguese Viceroy. He gave more importance to the maritime policy (Blue Water Policy) and tried to strengthen the position of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. In 1508 AD Almeida conquered Egypt, Turkey and Gujarat after defeating the combined army of Diu was captured.
– After Almeida, Alphonso de Albuquerque came to India in 1509 AD as the second viceroy of the Portuguese. He shifted his headquarter to Cochin.
– In 1510 AD, he snatched Goa from Bijapur’sruler Yusuf Shah and took it under his possession . Apart from Goa, Albuquerque occupied Malacca (SEA) in 1511 AD and Hormuz in the Persian Gulf in 1515. Thus Daman, Diu, Salasette, Basin, Chola, Bombay, Hermuz and St. Thome were occupied by the Portuguese.
– After Albuquerque, Nino-de-Cunha came to India as the next Portuguese governor. In 1530 AD, he shifted his office from Cochin to Goa the official capital of the kingdom of Portugal.
Madrid Treaty
– In 1633 AD, the treaty was done between Britain and the Portuguese. Its condition was to end the trade the enmity between Portugal and Britain.
Portuguese Influence on India
– The arrival of Gothic architecture in India with the Portuguese, the Portuguese ruled Goa, Daman and Diu till 1916 AD.
– The credit of starting trade between India and Japan is given to the Portuguese.
– Christian missionaries made efforts to convert in India. In 1540 AD all the Hindu temples of Goa were destroyed.
– By this the establishment of Christian Religious Court in Goa in 1560 AD.
– The first printing press was established in Goa in 1556 AD by the Portuguese.
– In 1563 AD, the first book ‘The Indian Medicinal Plants’ based on Indian herbs and plants were published.
Arrival of Dutch in India
– The Dutch were the inhabitants of Holland. The important objective of the Dutch was to gain direct entry into the spice markets of Southeast Asia. The ‘United East India Company of the Netherlands’ was established on the basis of a state proclamation dated March 10, 1602.
– The first Dutch citizen to come to India in 1596 AD was Cornolis-de Hastman.
Important chambers of the Dutch in India
– The Dutch opened their first factory in India in 1605 AD at Machilipatnam. The Dutch exported indigo from Machilipatnam. Dutch people mainly traded spices, indigo, raw silk, glass, rice and opium in India. The Dutch gave more importance to Indian clothes than spices. These clothes were exported from the Coromandel Coast, Bengal and Gujarat.
– The headquarters of the Dutch in India was Nagapattinam.
– The last fall of the Dutch in India happened in 1759 AD in the ‘Battle of Bedera’ between the British and the Dutch. The leadership of the English army in this war was done by Colonel Ford.
– The head of Dutch factories was called ‘Factor’.
– The Dutch built a fort named ‘Gustavus’ in Chinsurah in 1653 AD and ‘Fort William’ in Kochi.
British arrival in India
– In the time of Queen Elizabeth-I of England, on December 31, 1600, ‘The Werner and Company of London Trending into the East Indies’ i.e. British East India Company was established, which Queen Elizabeth gave charter to trade with eastern countries.
– The first English citizen to come to India was Thomas Stephens who came to Goa as a priest on October 24, 1579.
– In 1608 AD, Emperor James I of Britain sent Captain Hawkins as his ambassador to the court of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Hawkins met Jahangir in 1609 AD. He sought permission to settle in Surat, but due to the revolt of the Portuguese and Surat merchants, he did not get approval.
– Hawkins was a knower of the Persian language. Captain Hawkins stayed in Agra for three years. Jahangir was pleased with him and granted him a mansab of 400 and a jagir.
– In 1615 AD, Emperor James-I sent Sir Thomas-Roe as his ambassador to Jahangir.
– In 1611 AD, the British first established a trading kothi in Machilipatnam on the south-east coast.
– Doctor William Hamilton, who had relieved Emperor Farrukhsiyar from a fatal disease, was pleased with this service, in 1717 AD, Emperor Farrukhsiyar issued a decree for the East India Company, under which-̵
– In Bengal, the company got the right to free trade on Paying Rs 3,000 annually.
– Gerald Angiyar, who was the governor of Bombay from 1669 AD to 1677 AD, was actually the greatest founder of Bombay. Bombay remained the main trading centre of the west coast till 1687 AD. Gerald Angiyar built fortifications as well as docks in the Bombay and founded the city of Bombay and established a court and police force. Gerald Angiyar, as the governor of Bombay, established a mint for minting copper and silver coins from here.
– Tomas Roe’s book ‘Journey to the Eastern Isles’–
– First English Governor of Bengal William Hedges
Arrival of French in India
– The French entered India last. The French East India Company was established in India in 1664 AD with the help of Colbert, the minister of Emperor Louis 14th of France. It was dependent on government financial aid, hence it is also called government trading company.
– The first French colony in India was established by Franco Cairo in Surat in 1668 AD. After receiving a charter from the Sultan of the princely state of Golconda, the French established their second trading house at Machilipatnam in 1669 AD.
– In 1673 AD, Throw Martin and Belagara-de-Lespin obtained a small village Puducherry from Sher Khan Lodi, the Muslim Subedar of Valikondapuram. It was in Puducherry that the French laid the foundation of Pondicherry.
– “William Norris” was the British ambassador to the court of Aurangzeb.
– The British merchants who traded freely with Asia were called “Interlopers”.
– Franco Martin became the first governor of Pondicherry.
– French Governor Duplex was the first person who laid the foundation of a European empire (colony) in India.
Dane :
– Denmark’s ‘East India Company’ was established in 1616 AD. This company established its trading factories at Trakovar (Tamil Nadu) in 1620 AD and Serampore (Bankar) in 1667 AD. Serampore was their main trading center. In 1845 AD, the Danes sold the commerce company to the British.
Anglo-French Conflict –
– The wars fought between the British and the French are known as “ Carnatic War”.
– The ambition to establish a monopoly on trade and political control led to the three Carnatic wars between the East India Company and the French East India Company.
First Carnatic War(1746-48 AD)
– The First War of Carnatic was an extension of the struggle for Austrian succession in Europe between England and France.
– 1746 AD Duplex captured Madras and refused to return it to Anwaruddin, the Nawab of Carnatic. As a result the Nawab sent an army against the French.
– Dupleix defeated this army in the Battle of St. Tomé.
– The First Battle of Carnatic is famous for the Battle of St. Tomé as it was the first battle fought between an Indian army and a European army. It is also called the Battle of Adyar.
– The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in the year 1748 ended the First Carnatic War and Madras was returned to the British, in return for new territories in North America from the French.
Second Carnatic War (1749 – 55 AD)
– This war was the result of indirect conflict between the European powers with the aim of profiting from the mutual conflicts of the Indians.
– The Treaty of Pondicherry was signed between the British and the French in 1755 AD. In which it was decided that both will not interfere in each other’s internal affairs.
Third Carnatic War (1756-63 AD)
– The peace established by the Treaty of Pondicherry ended when the Seventh War started in Europe in 1756 AD. The British got immense wealth from the Bengal conquest in 1757 AD, while the lack of money was a major problem in front of the French Company.
– Sir Eyre Coot badly defeated the French army in the battle of Wandiwash in 1760 AD and in 1761 the British captured the French headquarters Pondicherry. The fortifications of Pondicherry were destroyed and the possibilities of the French spread in India were destroyed.
– The Seven Years’ War was fought between England and France in Europe between 1756-1763 AD, in which this war ended in 1763 AD by the Treaty of Paris.
East India Company’s Bengal Conquest
– Murshid Quli Khan was appointed as the Mughal governor in 1717 AD but he succeeded in establishing an independent state in Bengal. Alivardi Khan became the Nawab of Bengal in 1740 AD and after his death in 1756 AD his grandson Siraj-ud-daula became the Nawab of Bengal. Due to the differences in Britishers and Siraj-ud-Daula, the battle of Plassey took place in 1757 AD.
Black Hall Accident(20 June, 1756 AD)
– On June 4, 1756, the Nawab attacked the British’s Qasim Bazar Kothi and also captured Fort William by 20 June.
– After this the 146 British Prisoners were locked in a cell of 14 feet 10 inches. The next day due to severe heat and suffocation only 23 prisoners survived
– This is called the Black Hall Accidnt.
– The English Historian Hallwell, after the surviving the Black Hall this incident,mentioned in this book, ’Alive the wonder’.
Battle of Plassey (23 June, 1757)
– Clive conspired with the Nawab’s generals Mir Jafar, Jagat Seth, Rai Rare and Amichand to establish control over Bengal. Under which it was decided to make Mir Jafar the Nawab.
– On June 23, 1757, a battle was fought in the plain of Plassey, south of Murshidabad. This was a mere formality as the part led by Mir Jafar and Rarebar Rai did not participate in the war.
– Despite a large army from the British, the Nawab had to flee from this war and was later killed.
Consequences of the Battle of Plassey
– After this war, with the support of the East India Company, Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal. The East India Company also received 17,700,000 rupees from the deposed Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah for attacking Calcutta.
– The company also got the right of free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Apart from this, the company also got the Zamindari of 24 Parganas of Bengal from Nawab Mir Jafar. Thus overnight the company became a regional power in India.
Battle of Buxar (23 October, 1764)
– Mir Qasim had hoped that the Company would respect his sovereignty as the Nawab of Bengal. Convinced of his real power, he shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger. He allowed Indian merchants to do business on the same lines as British merchants without paying any fees. The move was against the company’s expectations.
– Therefore a fight between Mir Qasim and the company became necessary. Mir Qasim received the support of Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, who was living in Awadh. As usual, the British resorted to gimmicks and got many officers and subordinates of Shuja-ud-daula in their side.
– Finally the battle of Buxar took place between the two armies in 1764 AD. In this battle, the commander of the Company’s army, Hector Munro, badly defeated Shuja-ud-daula and Mir Qasim. Meanwhile, the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II surrendered to the Company at Benares. Mir Qasim fled to Delhi where he died in 1777 AD in extreme poverty. Thus the process started at Plassey was completed by the conquest of Buxar and
Bengal came under the British.
– In May, 1765, Clive was again sent as the Governor of India to complete the post-war formalities. Clive first made a treaty with Nawab Shuja-ud-daula. By this treaty, the Nawab handed over Allahabad and Kada Company and also agreed to pay fifty lakh rupees as compensation for the battle.
– Later on August 12, 1765, Clive signed the first treaty of Allahabad with the Mughal emperor Shah Alam-II. According to this treaty, the Mughal emperor was taken under the protection of the Company and both the territories given by the Nawab of Awadh were handed over to him.
– Clive made the second treaty of Allahabad with Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, on August 16, 1765 AD.
– ‘The Battle of Buxar completed the unfinished business of Plassey’ V A Smith.
– At the time of Buxar war, the Nawab of Bengal was Mir Qasim.
Major Statue of India | भारत के प्रमुख स्टैचू
Riverside cities of india | भारत की नदियों के किनारे बसे शहर
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