If you are reading the subject of biology, then you get to read about the cell in it. Today we will know about the Cell Organelles and Their Functions of the cell through this post. If this topic is also related to your morning, then you must read the notes provided because you will probably not see such simple notes elsewhere, so you must not see anywhere else, so prepare them with notes for great preparation in a short time.
Cell Organelles
– Living matter present in the cell fluid.
– Various organelles are found in the cell to perform different functions of the cell, which are as follows-
1. Mitochondria
– First it was seen by ‘Calliker’ in the straited muscles of insects and called it ‘sarcosome’.
– Fleming called it ‘Phila’.
– Altmann called it a ‘bioplast’.
– The name Mitochondria was given by ‘Sea Benda’.
– Altmann discovered the mitochondria.
– Mitochondria are not found in all prokaryotic cells and cells that perform anaerobic respiration.
– Mitochondria is also called ‘Power House of the cell’ by ‘Sekewitz’ because here energy is released in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) during respiration. (during the Krebs cycle)
– Metabolically active cells also have a large number of mitochondria, such as muscle cells and liver cells.
– Mitochondria are double membrane organelles.
– In the inner membrane of the mitochondria, many finger-like bulges are found, which are called ‘christies’. Oxisome particles are found on these crusts.
– Spherical head of oxisome particles – F-1 particle, while base part – F-0 particle
– The ETS (Electron Transport System) moves on the F particles during respiration.
– Its own circular DNA, ribosomes and RNA are also found in mitochondria, hence it is also called semiautonomous cell organelle.
– Having their own DNA, mitochondria are inherited from the female parent.
– The ‘three-parent baby technique’ is based on mitochondria inheritance.
– The 55S ribosome is found in the mitochondria of mammals.
2. Plastid
– These are organelles found only in plant cells, they are also semiautonomous organelles similar to mitochondria and they also have double membrane.
– Energy Storage is related.
– Haeckel first described plastids and the credit for the discovery also goes to Haeckel.
– On the basis of work, Shimper gave three types of Plastids-
(i) Chloroplast
(ii) Chromoplast
(iii) Leukoplast
Chloroplast
– These are green color plastids, in which the green pigment chlorophyll is found.
– The main function of chloroplast is to make simple food items by photosynthesis with the help of CO2 and water in the presence of sunlight. O2 is also liberated in this process.
– Thylakoid is formed by the formation of folds in the inner membrane of the chloroplast. These thylakoids are arranged one on top of the other in the form of coins called ‘grana’.
– Grana contain tiny particle-like ‘quantosomes’ that absorb energy during photosynthesis.
– The two grana are connected to each other by the inter-grana.
– The grana and the inter grana are encased in the matrix/stroma/gonadal area surrounded by the inner membrane.
– The light reaction of photosynthesis takes place on the grana while the dark reaction takes place in the stroma.
Chromoplast
– These are plastids containing various colors (due to pigment).
– This is due to the presence of colors other than green in fruits, flowers and leaves.
– When the fruits begin to ripen, the green pigments in them start turning into pigmented powders, due to which the fruits appear colourful.
Leucoplast
– These are colorless plastid whose main function is to store food.
– They are generally found in the roots.
Example –
– Leucoplasts related to lipid storage – Elaiplast
– Leucoplasts related to starch storage – Amyloplasts
– Leucoplasts related to protein storage – Proteinoplast
3. E.R. – Endoplasmic Reticulum
– It was first seen by ‘Garnier’ and called ‘Ergatoplasm’.
– Porter studied it in detail and named it ER.
– It forms the internal skeleton of the cell.
– The ER helps in the transport of substances inside the cell.
There are two types of ER-
(i) R.E.R. – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –
– Ribosomes are found on this ER, so it is rough.
– RER is related to protein synthesis. (The ribosomes found on it carry out protein synthesis.)
(ii) S.E.R. – Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –
– Ribosomes are not found on this ER, so it is smooth.
– These are related to glycogen storage and synthesis of steroids in the cell.
4. Golgi Body
– Camilio Golgi discovered the Golgi body and explained it in detail.
– Other names – Dalton complex, Baker’s body, Lipochondria.
– Under-developed, scattered Golgi bodies in plants – Dictyosomes
– They are well developed in animals.
– Golgi body performs the function of transformation of membranes in the cell.
– Helpful in the transportation of carbohydrate and protein-rich substances out of the cell.
– It is also called the Transportation Manager of Cell.
– It forms the lysosome and sperm of the acrosome. (Acrosome – enzyme that helps it to enter the egg.)
– Male gametes of RBC, Pteridophyta and Bryophyta do not have Golgi body in mature sieve tubes.
5. Ribosomes – (Palade particles)
– First seen by Claude.
– Robinson and Brown observed in plant cells.
– Inventor – Palade (in animal cells)
– They are also found in the cytoplasm in the cell, mitochondria on the RER and in the liver.
– Their main function is to carry out ‘protein synthesis’ in the cell.
6. Lysosome
– Discovered by – Christian De Duve.
– Name – given by Novikoff.
– Suicidal Bags of Cell
– They contain several hydrolytic enzymes that aid in digestion, decomposition of waste materials, and at the end of the cell’s life, these lysosomes burst and digest the entire cell.
– Manufacture – Golgi body
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