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Internet ( इंटरनेट ) Notes
– Internet – International Network
– The network of networks in the interconnected network is also called internet.
– Internet is also called the highway of information.
– The ocean of information is also called the Internet. The beginning of the Internet started with the computer network (ARPANET) in which computers were linked together so that information could be sent from one computer to another.
– At present internet is the facility through which we can get any information.
– Internet provides facilities like obtaining information, e-mail, website, chat, video chat, payment system, shopping, entertainment, education and entertainment.
– Vint Cerf’s name is supreme as the father of the Internet.
– Internet was implemented in India on August 15, 1995.
– A computer network consists of two or more computers that are interconnected by means of which programs, data, hardware, messages, and other resources can be shared. In this computer network, computers sharing resources together is called the Internet.
– The expansion of the word Internet is “interconnected network” which means to connect all the computers of the world, so that along with full use of computer and its resources, transaction of data and information is possible. Internet is also called network of networks. The 2 main protocols used in Internet are TCP (Transmission control protocol) and IP (Internet protocol).
– The group formed to conduct research and set standards and guidelines for other areas of the Internet is called the W3C world wide web consortium.
– The beginning of the Internet is considered to be with the computer network, which was started in the year 1969 by the University of California and Stanford research with the US Department of Defense, which was named ARPANET.
– Tim Bernes Lee invented the WWW in 1989. On December 20, 1990, he made the world’s first web site live. Which was seen by all on August 6, 1991.
– Ways to Access The Internet – Cable television, modem, telephone lines, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, fiber optics, DSL, ADSL, ISDN, etc. are used to access the Internet service.
– ISP: – Internet Service provider is an internet service provider company through which services are provided on the computer. Like – JIO, Airtel, BSNL, VSNL
– WWW: Its full name is World Wide Web, which helps to communicate information through hyperlinks to the user through websites and webpages available on the Internet. The English scientist Tim Barnes Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
– Website: A website is a set of web pages on a computer containing documents that can be accessed via the Internet. A web page can contain any type of information and can include text, graphics, animation and audio. To find a website, URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is used which is a unique address of the website.
like – www.upscnotes.com
– Home Page
The first page of any website is called home page, to which other web pages are linked, this page is known by the names of master page, main page etc.
– Web Browser
A web browser is application software used to retrieve data located on the World Wide Web, including web pages, images, videos, and other files, on a client computer. Each browser is a client server that requests information from a web server connected via the Internet. The web server sends the requested information to the web browser as a response and it is displayed on the browser.
– These are the application software on which the website and web pages of the website have been viewed. These can be of the following types –
– Text-Based – These browsers display text-based information, such as Lynx etc.
– Based on Graphic – These browsers display graphics based information, such as –
Mosaic, Netscape, Google Chrome, Mozilla firebox, Microsoft Edge, Safari, opera आदि।
– URL: Uniform Resource Locator
– URL is the short form of Uniform Resource Locator.
– It is the unique address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. For example a URL is http://www.utkarsh.com. URL is a type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
– The first part of the URL is called the Protocol Identifier and indicates which protocol is being used, and the second part is called the Resource Identifier, and specifies the IP address or domain name of that computer, here the resource web Available as page.
example – http://www.utkarsh.com
Search Engine
– From the name of the search engine itself, we come to know that the search engine is used to find any information or website through the internet on the web.
– A search engine is a program similar to a website, which gives the user a blank space on which the data related to the word written by the user and the list of the website are shown.
like – Google, Bing, Yahoo, Alta Vista, Hotbot, Lycos, Ask etc.
– Web Server
Web sites and web pages are made available on the web browser by the web server. The server is the computer that directs the web page and keeps it in the form of a file and reads it. There is a special software on this server called web server.
– Main Functions of Web Server –
Managing the Website
Receive requests from clients for providing information
Informing the client and giving the necessary pages
Web Protocol
Rules are used for data transaction from one place to another on computer network and internet. A set of rules is called a protocol. Protocols are used for exchange of information and for communication, such as – TCP/IP, PPP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP
– Protocol – Protocol refers to the rules by which data is communicated, that is, a group of rules and procedures is called a protocol.
(1) TCP – Transmission Control Protocol – Through this protocol, data is sent controlling from one place to another in the computer network. In this method, this protocol divides the data into several parts called data packets.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Through this protocol hypertext can be transferred between two computers. This is the technique by which hyper text link opens the selected document.
It is a non-proprietary independent platform based on ISO standards and open document architecture.
(2) IP – Internet Protocol – This is the unique address of the computer connected to the network, which tells the identity of each computer. Data in a computer network is called Its address is determined by IP Address.
– There are two versions of this-
IPv4 and IPv6
(A) IPv4 – In this version the IP address is divided into four parts by a dot (.) in which each part is represented from 0 to 255. The format of this IP address is 32 bit like – 193.167.13.01
(B) IPv6 – This is the latest version of IP Address which consists of eight parts which are divided by (:) colon. The format of this IP Address is 128 bit.
(3)SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – It is used during email.
(4)FTP – File Transfer Protocol – This protocol is used to send files from one place to another such as downloading or uploading files.
(5)HTTP/HTTPS – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure – This protocol transmits messages in a format on the web browser. In this, each instruction is executed independently.
(6)Telnet protocol – Virtual connection is used by this protocol. Through this protocol remote login can be done through username and password.
(7)WAP-Wireless Application Protocol
(8)VOIP –Voice Over Internet Protocol
(9)POP-Post Office Protocol
like- POP3
(10)PPP – Point to Point Protocol
– HTML Hypertext Markup Language
– Web pages of a website are created by HTML. This language is easily understood by the browser.
– HTML is invented by Tim Bernes Lee. In this, the text is not in the same direction as the book, you can see the text you want to see through the link. Hyper means viewing a page on the Internet of a website. Only text can be written in the text. Markup means marking whatever text we type, tags are used while coding in it.
– Domain Name –
– The domain name was used to name a website or computer on the Internet so that it can be easily remembered. This domain name is the word behind the URL and the website. The domain name consists of two or more parts that are separated by dots.
– The domain name is the word written behind the URL or website name www.utkarsh.com
Like. -com commercial
edu education
net network
.org organization
gov government
– DNS Domain Name System
– The Domain Name System works by combining the domain name and the IP address, through which the web site can be easily detected by the browser. DNS converts URLs to IP addresses, so that the user reaches the site he is looking for.
– Email (Electronic Mail) –
– Sending and receiving messages on a computer or electronic device is facilitated by email.
Email-eg. Username@gmail.com
– The ID provided by the user is separated by @ of the website domain name, username and domain name server.
– Important components related to email –
(1)Inbox – All incoming messages appear in this box.
(2)Sent box – The mails that have been sent appear in this box.
(3)Spam – This is also a type of Inbox, in which unauthorized unknown messages come, which is also called unsolicited mail.
(4)Trash – Deleted mail appears in Trash.
(5)CC – Carbon Copy – To send more than one message.
(6)BCC – Blind Carbon Copy – To send more than one message and hide identity.
Types of E-mail Services
– The services provided to a user are mainly divided into three parts-
1. Web Based Mail
2. POP3 Mail Service
3. IMAP Mail Server
1.Web Based Mail – This mail service consists of an e-mail client. Like – Gmail, Outlook, and yahoo mail. Using which e-mail can be sent and received.
2.POP3 (Post Office Protocol) Mail Service – This is called Mail Access Protocol. In which a client application is used to read messages from the mail server. This protocol supports download and delete services.
3.IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) mail server – IMAP mail server This protocol is used to manage mail boxes on more than one device. It is called Internet Message Access Protocol.
Use of mail services – Mail services are mainly used in two ways-
1. Commercial Use
2. Personal Use
– E-mail Related Issues –
1.E-mail Attachment – During the e-mail message, more than one data or file can be sent along with the mail through attachment. Such as word file, PDF file etc. Generally 25 MB or less data is done by ISP for file attachment to the user.
2.Spam – Unsolicited/unsolicited bulk e-mails containing malicious content or links through advertisements etc.
3.Privacy – Passwords etc. are used to keep e-mail and its related account secure.
4.Malware – A series of malicious e-mails through which scams etc. are harmful. Which is called malware.
5.E-mail spoofing – In this, spoofs are made through e-mail so that the receiver thinks that the mail is coming from the user but in reality it is not so.
– Intranet – The private network of internet inside an organization is called intranet.
– Firewall – It is a technology which is a combination of hardware and software which makes computer and computer network secure.
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